David M’Naughten Essay Example for Free

David MNaughten EssayDavid MNaughten hails from Scotland. He earn his living by being a wood cutter. He scarcely can make both ends meet and develop hatred to the Prime Minister of Great Britain in the year 1843. To MNaughten, the Prime Minister was the hasten of his personal and financial sufferings due to the failure of the former to run the British government well. In an attempt to get even with the Prime Minister, MNaughten act to kill the leader.MNaughten was not successful beca aim his ploy was thwarted by the secretary of the Prime Minister and instead killed the secretary and afterwardswards attempted to send off the Prime Minister. During the trial, nine witnesses probeified that MNaughten was an insane and the jury acquitted him, finding him not wrong by reason of frenzy ( pbs. org. n. d. The Right/ defamefulness MNaughten Test. Paragraph 1) Reporter Bill Mears of CNN Washington in 2006 reported in that location was little doubt that Eric Clark, then 17, s hot and killed a police officer six years ago in Flagstaff, Arizona.And prosecutors and denial attorneys agreed that the killer had some degree of mental illness he was a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic who imagined he was being constantly watched by aliens from outer space. Teen shot and killed police officer he thought was an alien, foremost paragraph). Eric Clark believe that the police who accosted him was an alien from outer space who came here to get him, and so, Eric shot and killed him. Eric was found guilty of first degree murder three years after the fatal shooting. Eric defending team lawyers entered a plea of not guilty due to insanity.It besidesk three years of deliberation by Arizona court whether Erick bequeath be locked or sent to mental rehabilitation center while serving the sentence. The court Arizona court ruled Eric to languish in jail for life. Based from the two court decisions just mentioned, it appears that there is sort of disagreement among the different U. S. heavy courts as to the well-grounded definition of insanity and its acceptance as legal abnegation in court. This essay will trace the development of insanity as legal defense from its origin up to what it is in straight offs legal battle.Evolution of insanity defense As early as 1581, insanity defense has been well considered in Anglo-American law and a legal treatise was enacted saying that If a madman or a natural fool, or a lunatic in the time of his unacy do kill a man, this is no wicked act for they cannot be said to have any understanding will ( pbs. org. n. d. A Brief History of Insanity Defense, paragraph 3 ). There was no available record of court proceeding from the date of treatise enactment up to 17th snow.Three hundred years later, the British court detailed the treatise and gave rise to the wild beast test ( 4th paragraph ) which emphasized that If a suspect was so bereft of sanity that he understood the ramifications of his behaviour no more than in an infant, a brute, or a wild beast, he would not be eld responsible for his crimes ( 4th paragraph). In early(a) words, if the defendant lacks sanity and cannot comprehend the outcome of what he did, as his ( defendant) mind is that of infant or a wild animal, then the defendant is not nonresistant for the crime committed.The codification of this British wild beast test was put at stake in 1843, in the case of David MNaughten as outline in our introduction. Queen Victoria was not impressed with the decision of the court and requested a review of the case with a panel of settle. The resulting decision was that a defendant should not be eld responsible for his actions if he could not tell that his actions were wrong at the time he committed them (The Right/Wrong MNaughten Test. Paragraph 3).This was also mentioned in the research of Chiacchia ( 2001) and law. jrank org. n. d. ) This became the basis of the insanity defense in England and adopted by American courts and le gislatures for more than hundred years without any modification. Up to 1998, 25 states including the District of capital of South Carolina adopted this Right/Wrong MNaughten Test. According to legal critics, the MNaughten test has one major rawback. While the rule focus on the ability to distinguish right from wrong (which is cognitive in nature), it failed to consider the un retardpable commit that was the dominant feeling earlier and during the consummation of the crime.This resulted to modification of the MNaughten rule by adding a readiness called irresistible impulse ( Irresistible impulse, 1st paragraph). The added provision in effect will absolve a defendant who can distinguish between right and wrong but unable to stop the crime due to his uncontrollable desire to consummate it to get even with the victim. A number of tates adopted the MNaughten modification and coined another name as policemen in the elbow test (1st paragraph).The name clearly high giddy the intense d esire to consummate the crime as even if there is police effectiveness around to witness, the defendant will do it. In 1950, advances in psychiatry and psychology as a science was very noticeable. In the light of the advances, legal critics saw the MNaughten rule as too rigid and antiquated. In 1954, an appellate court discarded the MNaughten and irresistible impulse test in favor of a more scientific and medically based insanity test. This became the basis of the Durnham psychogenic Defect rule. In Durnham v. United States, The U. S.Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia ruled that a defendant is not guilty if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect. ( The rise and fall of the Durnham Mental Defect rule, 1st paragraph). The decision was considered as within the demand of the times and a major breakthrough in American legal system as it exemplify the replacement of moral considerations with a more neutral and scientific evidences reflective o f the advances of psychiatry and psychology ( The rise and fall of the Durnham Mental Defect rule). wakeless experts claim that the Durnham rule is vague and difficult to apply.According to the experts, the term mental defect is very broad and they were concerned that due to its vagueness, more and more defendants will be acquitted than before. The confusion arises over the interpretation of mental disease or defect clause. Will mental defect mean only psychosis or any of the minor mental disorder found in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). Critics were concerned of the possibility that defendants will use alcoholism and other ental disorder with antisocial appearanceal symptoms as defense of their crimes.Also, it is not clear where the burden of proof is that is whether its up for the court to form the mental defect or the burden lies with the defendant and the psychiatrist as professional witness. Another disagreement is that the Durham test inadverte ntly grant too much influence to the psychiatrist and psychologist as to the result of the court trial. Twenty two states rejected the Durham test in 1972 and a panel of judges considered the Model Penal Code Test of the American Law Institute ( A. L. I. as eplacement (pbs. org. n. d. ).The A. L. I. standard is intended to soften the MNaughten with the irresistible impulse by introduction of medical and psychiatric evidence requirement. The A. L. I. standard, rule that a defendant will not be held criminally responsible if at the time of the behavior in question as a result of a mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wickedness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. (pbs. org. n. d.A Brief History of Insanity Defense, The A. L. I. Standard, 1st paragraph). In ddition to requiring the defendant to show proof that at the time of the consummation of the crime, there is absolutely no understanding as to the na ture of the act ( as in MNaughten test), a certification from a psychiatrist or psychologist is needed to attest to the particular that the defendant lack substantial capacity ( paragraph 2, line 4 ) to understand the right from wrong together with the irresistible impulse consideration.Under the A. L. I. tandard, the act of serial killers whose mental defect manifests only during the act of killing and shows normal mental behavior before and after he consummation of the act can lead to his/her conviction. In 1998, 22 states used the A. L. I. rule while 26 used the MNaughten rendition regardless of the irresistible impulse clause. It is also provided in the A. L. I. standard, the provision for due process and equal protection concerns for those who were acquitted by reason of insanity for instinctive and indefinite confinement to assess and treat their mental disorder and check their dangerousness potential to society periodically.If found during the evaluation that further conf inement is no long-run needed, then the defendant can be eleased. By early 1980s all state legislatures except for 10 has reformed their laws incorporating the provision for periodic review. In 1981, a test for stability of the A. L. I. standard ensued. John Hinckley, Jr. , a Washington police officer and secret service agent shot then U. S. President Ronald Reagan and his press secretary James Brady. Hinckley claimed during the trial the following that he was trying to impress the actress Jodie boost, with whom he was infatuated.He later described the incident in a letter to The New York Times as the greatest love offering in the history of the world. At one time Miss Foster was a star and I was the insignificant fan. Now everything is changed. I am Napoleon and she is Josephine. I am Romeo and she is Juliet (pbs. org. n. d. A Brief History of Insanity Defense, later on Hinckley , 1st paragraph). Hinckley was acquitted by the jury of 13 assault, murder and weapon counts and mor eover, ruling him not guilty by reason of insanity.This resulted to a great American public uproar that call for thorough review of the insanity defense strategy and plugging loopholes in the justice system that allows an obviously guilty man to run for punishment. Senator Dan Quayle claimed that the insanity efense allowed pampering of criminals by allowing them to kill without conscience. The psychiatric and legal professional group called for the modification instead of total abolition of the insanity defense resulting to legislating called The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 ( 3rd paragraph).The act is a stricter version of the MNaughten rule. The Cornell University Law School in 2006 released the following information related to to a more stricter version ( article 17, Insanity defense, U. S. Code Collection, 1st paragraph) (a) Affirmative Defense. It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under any federal statute that, at the time of the commission of the acts co nstituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts.Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense. (b) Burden of Proof. The defendant has the burden of proving the defense of insanity by clear and convincing evidence The burden of proof now is with the defendant and not with the prosecution. The defendant in order to qualify for the insanity defense must show proof that the disorder is severe. The volitional test that excused a defendant who lacked the capacity to fight the irresistible impulse was eliminated, in effect going back to the MNaughten right/wrong standard of the 19th century.The influence of psychiatric testimony was effectively limited and more stricter cognitive operation on hospitalization and release of those acquitted was put into effect. Thirty states adopted The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 while the three states of Montana, Utah and Idaho abolished on the whole the insanity defense strategy. In the year 2000, a provision to The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 was enacted nd 20 states instituted it. The provision is called Guilty precisely Mentally Ill or GBRI ( Chiacchia. 2006.Insanity defense, Guilty but mentally ill, 1st paragraph, line 2. ). Under the GBRI, the defendant can be sentenced guilty although he is legally insane. The convicted will be jailed and his mental illness will be checked by the government periodically. The criticism of GBRI lies on the fact that very few jail institution can actually look at the mental state of the convicted insane. Examining the success of using the insanity defense in this modern time, Chiacchia ( 2001 ) eported ( Insanity defense statistics, 2nd paragraph) that Successful NGRI defenses are rare.While rates vary from state to state, on average less than one defendant in 100-0. 85 percent-actually raises the insanity defense nationwide. Inte restingly, states with higher rates of NGRI defenses tend to have lower success rates for NGRI defenses the percentage of all defendants found NGRI is more or less constant, at around 0. 26 percent It shows from the statistics that the chances of acquittal using the insanity defense is very slim, considering that practically every loop hole in the American jurisprudence has been effectively ealed with the adoption of Guilty But Mentally Ill provision.Summary and Conclusion It is now a known fact that the insanity defense dates back in 17th century in Great Britain with the acquittal of David MNaughten. The MNaughten Right/Wrong Test underwent five modifications from 17th century up to the present time. A number of celebrated cases involving rich families and big political figures as victims in the past three centuries resulted to acquittal of the defendants in the light of the different legal interpretation of insanity defense among states.The acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr. who sh ot then U.S. President Reagan and killed his press secretary in 1981 was the knockout force that caused widespread public clamor for reviewing and unification of interpretation of the insanity defense strategy. At present, all states except for three ( Montana, Utah and Idaho which scrapped the insanity defense in its entirety) enacted the MNaughten rule with modifications centered on the burden of insanity proof on the defendant. Twenty states enacted The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 with provision for Guilty But Mentally Ill, shutting the loopholes.

CALPUFF-CALMET Modeling System

CALPUFF-CALMET stamp System1. IntroductionNowadays, due to the fast expansion of industrial development and population increase, air contaminant has become adept of the most serious problems in the world, especially in large cities and consequently, the problem of air taint and its control has become increasingly. Fossil fuel combustion, especially which subalternd on oil and coal is one of the major ca exercises of the environmental problems affecting both topical anaesthetic and global levels. However, several countries are still using fossil fuels as primary energy, especially in developing countries. electri city consumption in Iran has go through a considerable growth during recent years because of economical development, industrialization and population increase. In 1973, electric energy generation per capita was 310 kWh, which increased to 2935 kWh in 2008. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has destructive feats on environment.Due to Irans environmental condit ions, electricity generation is mainly performed by thermal power plants, so that near 85% of the required electric energy is produced by thermal power plants. Gas-fired power plants are the dominant part which accounted up to 62% of centre power generation. Oil-fired power plants generated 22.4% and 14.7% produced from hydroelectric plants. Although hydroelectric plants make 14.7% proportion of plants in Iran, these plants have generated only 5.1% of the power due to a fall in precipitation over the past few years. Natural gas (71.3%) is the largest mention of fuel for electricity generation followed by heavy oil (15.8%) and gas oil (12.4%). Although, the main fuel of power plants is gas, the environmental problems are still concernedAir quality is a major determinant of human health. Meteorology plays a great role in determining air quality changes downwind of emission sources. Both the wind and atmospheric stability greatly affect spreading conditions. Local influences due to terrain and land-cover factors can also be important. Air dispersion and deposition models are tools for estimating intentnesss of air pollutants and deposition rates due to industrial or other emission sources (Prince Rupert Airshed Study). Air quality models are instrumental in providing valuable insights into the processes involved in the transport, dispersion and chemical trans setion of pollutants in the airwave .These models use mathematical equations and numerical methods to describe the concepts involved in the atmosphere.In recent years, CALPUFF model has good performance in the simulation of m any kinds of pollutants on a lower floor complicated topography, especially in the sweep larger than 50 km. CALPUFF can be run in any specific location around the world, and for any modeling type item selected by the user. Due to its flexibility, CALPUFF has been utilize in several research studies.Over the past years, several CALPUFF-aided sideslip studies have been published . Shiyao Li et al. (2016) used CALPUFF model to simulate the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide in Urumqi and analyzes the source contribution to areas where the SO2 concentration is high. Prueksakorn et al. (2014) applied WRF/CALPUFF modeling system and multimonitoring methods to investigate the effect of seasonal variations on odor dispersion in Changwon City of South Korea. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2011) used CALPUFF software to measure and simulate the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at the mynah Al-Fahal Refinery in the Sultanate of Oman. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2013) used CALPUFF to study the effect of meteorological conditions on the dispersion of an accidental release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Abdul-Wahab et al. (2015) applied CALPUFF to assess the quality of the proposed milling machine Braeside quarry expansion in Canada. Hyung-Don Lee et al. (2014) used WRF-CALPUFF software to simulate concentration distributions of typical air pollutants (PM10 and SO2) in the Ulsan Petro chemical Industrial Complex (UPIC), and statistics are computed to ready the models ability to simulate observations.In this study, a CALMET diagnostic model nested to WRF model simulation is evaluated by comparison to surface air measurements, on specific extents. consequently the CALPUFF dispersion model was used to simulate and predict the concentration of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 that are emitted from the Shahid-Montazeri power plant (SMPP) of Esfahan, Iran. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the capableness of the CALPUFF model to simulate the concentrations of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 in the nearby of power plant for special topographical and climatological conditions of the study area. First, the amounts of pollution exhausted from the stacks and the ambient concentrations of pollution due to the emitted gases from the stacks of Shahid-Montazeri power plant have been monitored in 4 receptors ( go into 1). Then the ambient concentration levels of pollution have been si mulated for the receptors, using CALPPUF Lagrangian Gaussian puff model. Finally, the comparison of model prediction results and the monitored concentrations have been done through statistical analysis....2. Model descriptionTechnical description of CALPUFF-CALMET modeling systemCALPUFF is one of the US Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) preferred models for assessing transport of pollutants and their effects, on a case-by-case basis, or for certain near-field applications involving complex meteorological conditions. The modeling system consists of troika main components and a set of preprocessing and impart processing programs. The main components of the modeling system are CALMET (a diagnostic 3-dimensional meteorological model), CALPUFF (an air quality dispersion model) and CALPOST (a post processing package).CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model which can make use of topography, land type, meteorological observation cultivation and meteorological simulation entrop y to diagnosis of wind and temperature fields based on the mass conservation equation. Besides the wind and temperature fields, CALMET determines the 2D fields of micro meteorological variables needed to prevail out dispersion simulations (mixing height, Monin Obukhov length, friction velocity, convective velocity and others). The quality of a meteorological preprocessor is one of the main determinants of the overall quality of the air dispersion model, and this is particularly square for the CALPUFF/CALMET modeling system in a wide range of conditions. The main purpose of CALMET is to obtain the best possible meteorological data based on the available information. In particular, CALMET can receive measured data, modeled data (i.e., generated by a meteorological model like MM5 or WRF), or both. When a high-resolution terrain data set is available, CALMET is capable of using this information to estimate local deviations from meteorological data measured or modeled at a coarser res olution (Scire J.S).CALPUFF is a multi-species non-steady-state puff dispersion model that simulates the effects of time and space varying meteorological conditions on pollutant transport, transformation, and removal. CALPUFF allows the use of on-site turbulence measurements of the plain and vertical Gaussian dispersion coefficients, but also allows for the use of similarity theory and micrometeorological variables, derived from meteorological observations and surface characteristics, to obtain these coefficients. CALPUFF utilizes a Gaussian puff preparation to encrypt the concentration of a pollutant (or spores, in our application) at any given location downwind, and the deposition at users specified locations at ground level (Use of a complex air pollution model to estimate W. Pfender). CALPOST can extract CALPUFF simulation data according to customers demand (Spatial distribution and source analysis of SO2 concentration in Urumqi).3. Methodologya. Description of study area and model domainIsfahan is dictated in the central Iran inside the plains stretching along the Zayandeh Rood River. The city is situated in a relatively mountainous area in the center of the Iranian Plateau and stretches from the snowy Zagros Mountains in the West to the East and north-central deserts of Iran. There exist a variety of climatic conditions in the city thanks to regions with different altitudes. The outstanding features of Isfahan are little rainfall, average little than 125 mm. Isfahan is located in 32.67N, 51.83E, and elevation 1550-1650 m, with more than 1.7 million population (https//amar.sci.org.ir/index_e.aspx). There are more than a million automotive and heavy transaction vehicles using diesels, gasoline, and natural gas in Isfahan. This city is known as the largest industrialized region in Iran, where there are many industrial states, brace companies, and etc. There is also one of the biggest electric power plant of Iran.Shahid-Montazeri steam clean power plant of Esfahan is located 15 km to the northwest of Isfahan along the Isfahan-Tehran highway next to Isfahan Refinery and Petrochemical Complex in a 2.2 million m2 land (Evaluation of synchronous execution of full repowering and solar assisting in a 200 MW steam power plant, a case study) (Figure 1). This power plant has 8 similar steam units each with a capacity of 200 MW. Montazeri plant is a steam power plant which is recently use natural gas. However, Montazeri uses heavy oil during the cold days due to increasing the domestic heating.The study area is located around as Montazeri power plant, with a total capacity of 1600 MW and both large smoke stacks (205 agl-m height, above ground level meters height and 1725 base elevetion) with 4 independent liners (one per boiler) in the same concrete shaft that are selected point sources (Figure 2). Therefore, it should be considered as eight different point sources practically located at the same point alternatively, it can be consi dered as a two point sources, with an emission and stack section as the sum of the four liners (Validation of CALMET/CALPUFF model simulations around a large power plant stack).In this study, dispersion of SO2, Nox, and particulate matter (pm10) emitted from the Montazeri power plant over the Esfahan basin was evaluated for two periods of days (from 10 to 31 January 2000). A simulation domain of 100100 km2 was selected by the power plant positioned at the center, in order to cover any pollutant source local impact. This area is divided into 10000 grids, the size of which is 1 km 1 km. The southwest corner of the domain is located at longitude 50.96E, latitude 32.35N. The northeast corner is located at longitude 52.03E, latitude 33.24N and the elevation of the study area varies from 1500 to 2800 m. Table 1 represents the information model input which is used for defining the case study meteorological domain.b. Emission dataThe main sources of pollutants in Montazeri power plant ar e resulted from exhaust gases of the stacks which cause air pollution in the power plant area and its surrounding. The values of SO2, NO, NO2 and PM10 emissions from the stacks of Montazeri power plant have been measured by Testo 350-XL device for gases and ISOSTACK BASIC device for particulate maater, during the period of simulation. The data of stack characteristics and the emission rate of the pollutant have been presented in Tables 2.This release huge quantities of sulfur dioxide due to Steam power plants of Iran are not fitted out(p) with FGD systems to reduce SO2 emissions, and thereby, the emission factor of this pollutant is only influenced by electricity generation efficiency and sulfur percentage of the consumed heavy oil.In this study, we used data discovered from four monitoring station to measure so2, nox and pm 10 (figure 1). Location of the monitoring stations (receptors) has been presented in Cartesian coordinate system in Table 2. Measurements at the monitoring st ation were done based on the average hour concentrations.c. Meteorological dataSurface hourly observations in TD-3505 format were obtained from the Integrated Surface Hourly Database (ISHD) supported by the US National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) . Data was extracted hourly for the entire modeling period from March 10, 2012 at 00h00 UTC to March 12, 2012 at 23h00 LST. Due to the large number of missing data of the other surface meteorological parameters (such as pressure, roof height and cloud cover) only temperature and wind velocity were validated. The purpose of extracting this data was only to evaluate the accuracy of the calmet model to simulate the vertical profiles of wind and temperature. Figure 3 shows the location of the meteorological station used in this study and a description of the surface stations is provided in table 3d. Modeling approachThe initial phase of CALPUFF modeling system involves the derivation of three dimensional meteorological wind fields for the stud y area using CALMET a diagnostic meteorological model (Estimated Public Health Exposure to H2S Emissions from a Sour Gas Well Blowout in Kaixian County, China). The input of CALMET model includes geophysical data (land use categories and terrain elevations), meteorological data (surface and upper air meteorological observations or meteorological fields generated by prognostic models) (A study of the effects of vehicle emissions on the atmosphere of Sultan Qaboos University in Oman). Due to lack of the surface and upper air meteorological data in the study area we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF version 3.5.1) model to simulate of meteorological conditions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), a prognostic meteorological model, was used to calculate the hourly three-dimensional meteorological fields For CALMET model (Applications of WRF/CALPUFF modeling system and multi-monitoring). The WRF model description presented in Table 2. Initial conditions and boundary conditions are provided by the 1.0 degree National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) at 6-h intervals (Use of high-resolution MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system SO2 apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong). Data in WRF output files can be interpreted and converted to a format compatible with CALMET by CALWRF program (Scire et. al.2000b).CALMET requires geophysical data to characterize the terrain and land use parameters that potentially affect dispersion. Terrain features affect flows, create turbulence in the atmosphere, and are potentially subjected to higher concentrations of elevated puffs. Different land use types exhibit variable characteristics such as surface roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, and leafarea index that also affect turbulence and dispersion (The use of an atmospheric dispersion model to determine influence regions in the Prince George, B.C.).Terrain elevation for the CALMET was obtained using the TERREL processor. The model was executed wit h terrain maps provided by Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the Consortium for Spatial Information (CSI) website (http//www.cgiar-csi.org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1), Data were collected as part of the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and processed by CSI into 5 x 5 degree tiles at 90-metre resolution. Land characteristics in the domain were extracted using the CALMET pre-processor CTGPROC. The input land use maps were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) websites in GeoTIFF format. Terrain characteristics map in the study area has been displayed in Fig. 3.To provide meteorological input to the CALPUFF model, the CALMET diagnostic model and WRF mesoscale prognostic model were coupled. The CALPUFF model uses the output file from CALMET together with source, receptor, and chemical reaction information to predict hourly concentrations.e. Statistical Data AnalysisTo determine the reliability of the simul ation data, verification of simulated values using the WRF and CALMET models was conducted for surface temperature and wind speed at surface monitoring station using several statistical indicators. The statistical verification of model performance in this study was performed using four statistical indicators namely the Bias mistake (B), Gross Error (E), Fractional Bias (FB), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (IOA). The formulas used to derive these four indicators are given in Equations

Vibrational frequencies of water molecule

Vibrational frequencies of water shredQuestion 1 Normal dashs and vibrational frequencies of water blood cellHF/3-21* optimised geometry of the water moleculeH bond length0.967HOH bond angle107.7(ii) Energy of the HF/3-21G optimised water molecule = -75.58596 auCycleEnergyMax. Grad.Max. Dist.175.585530.012460.00304275.585890.003240.00025375.585960.000010.00000Frequency (cm-1)Relative Motion lead or Bend fictional characterSymmetry (S or A)1799.2BendA1S3812.2StretchA1S3945.8rStretchB1AHODEnergy75.58596 auGeometry stupefy angle107.7Bond length0.967Vibrational frequencies1578.7H moves faster than D symmetric2815.3D moves quickly whereas H moves slightly asymmetric3881.7H moves quickly whereas D moves slightly asymmetric Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of the water dimmer (H2O)2Hydrogen-Bond AcceptorHydrogen bondHydrogen Bond DonorHydrogen bond length (HO) = 1.808Hydrogen bond angle (O-HO) = 174.9Energy of the F/3.12G optimised water dimer = -151.18902 au(a) Potential energy calculationE = E(dimer) 2xE(H2O) = (-396 871.2KJ/mol) 2x(-198 413.2KJ/mol) = (-396 871.2) (-396 826.3) = 44.9 KJmol-1(b)As seen from the surface diagram for H2O, the oxygen has negative charge (-) whereas the hydrogens are positively charged (+).In the water dimer molecule, the hydrogen atoms (on the H-bond donor oxygen) are +/blue region. The oxygen atom that is bonded to the hydrogen that is the H-bond acceptor has - charge/red region. Between in the H-bond, the positive(H) and negative(O) charges combine/green region.The hydrogen bond is formed between unitary of the H atoms and one O, instead between the two oxygens, because the two oxygen atoms are negatively charged, and have -, and therefore repulsive interactions are formed between them. So, one H reacts with the O, which donates one of its lone pairs to form the H-bond.In the structure of the molecule, the HO bond is almost linear, very close to 180 but it is distorted so it is or so 175. Also, the distortion causes the bond HO to become longer.(c) For the water moleculeH bond length = 0.967For the water dimer H bond length of H-bond donor = 0.965 H bond length of H-bond acceptor = 0.966, 0.974 (H of H-bond)The H bond length of the hydrogen of the H-bond is bigger than the new(prenominal) O-H bonds in the molecule. This is because this H is bonded to the oxygen through the H-bond, and it is pulled towards the oxygen, causing its bond with the other oxygen to become a bit longer.Question 2The water dimer consists of two fragments, the H-bond acceptor (top OH2 group) and the H-bond donor ( hind end OH2 group). When a vibration causes both fragments and H-bond to move, then it is considered to be the inter-monomer because it is a vibration between the two molecules. If only one of the fragments vibrates, then the vibration is only in one of the molecules (it is internal) and it is considered to be an intra-monomer.The vibrational frequencies of the water dimer are the future(a)Frequency = 81 cm -1 typesetters case = ABending ModeTop part of the molecule paltry slightly up and mint, while the two bottom hydrogens move up and down as well Inter-monomer The vibration affects both molecules connected through the hydrogen bond. Frequency = 133 typeface = A Bending mode Top part and bottom part moving right and left. Inter monomerFrequency = 172Type = ABending mode Middle hydrogen moving right and left and two bottom H atoms moving up and down symmetrically (when one is up, other is down) Inter MonomerFrequency = 242Type = AStretching Mode Inter monomer Frequency = 425Type = ABending Mode The H-bond acceptor fragment moves to the front and then back, and the H-bond donor fragment moves up and down as well. Inter-monomer Frequency = 826Type = ABending modeThe H of the H-bond (middle H) is moving to the right and left, causing the rest of the molecule to move in that bearing as well Inter-monomer Frequency = 1782Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond donor fr agment move up and down to the sides breathing out gain away and then coming closer. Intra-monomer Frequency = 1854Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond acceptor fragment separate and go win away and then come closer together again. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3724Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen forming the H-bond moves closer to the oxygen of the H-bond and then further from it, causing the O-H bond to come smaller and the HO bond to become bigger, and the opposite. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3849Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen atoms move symmetrically so that their bonds with the O of the H-bond donor are becoming bigger (stretch out) and then smaller. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3907Type = A Stretching mode The O-H bond of the H non involved in the H-bond acceptor fragment is stretching out, causing the bond to become longer, while the bond of the oxygen with the other H, which is involved in the H-bond, becomes shorter. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3982T ype = A Stretching mode It is an unsymmetrical movement, where one O-H bond in the H-bond donor fragment becomes shorter and the other longer. Intra-monomerQuestion 3Isotopic substitution in the water dimer Free Energy (H-TS) = 37.8 Total = 127.5 Free Energy (H-TS) = 39.7 Total = 126.5G = G(B) G(A) = 39.7KJmol-1 37.8KJmol-1 = 1.9 KJ/molK = e(-G/RT) = exp(-1.910-3Jmol-1/8.314JK-1mol-1x298K) = 1.00000077Deuterium prefers the position shown in B (connected to the oxygen of the H-bond acceptor fragment, but doesnt take part directly in the H-bond) because the molecule has higher free energy for this arrangement.Question 4Interconversion of water dimer structuresFrequency = i302Type = B1Frequency = 105Type = B2Frequency = 208Type = A1Frequency = 225Type = B1Frequency = 256Type = A2Frequency = 591Type = B2Frequency = 1785Type = A1Frequency = 1831Type = A1Frequency = 3829Type = A1Frequency = 3862Type = A1Frequency = 3952Type = B1Frequency = 3961Type = B2Acyclic water dimer Cyclic water dimer The acyclic water molecule energy is 3.96910-5 KJmol-1 whereas the energy of the cyclic one is -. The cyclic molecule is less constant than the acyclic one because its ability to move around is effectively cut compared to the acyclic one, due to the two bonds formed between the oxygen of one molecule and the two H of the other molecule. The ideational frequency has the value of i306.9. ace of the middle hydrogens moves up while the other moves down, in an unsymmetrical movement as shown in the pictures above. For the acyclic water dimer there are no imaginary frequencies and it corresponds to the valley. This shows that it is very stable and this structure is preferred.The cyclic molecule contains one vibrational frequency and this suggests that it is non as stable as the acyclic one. It corresponds to the hilltop of molecule-mountain.If a molecule has more than one vibrational frequency it corresponds to the mountain passes and it is a very unstable and unfavoured struc ture for the molecule to be at, which most probably does not exist. The cyclic structure is not very stable, and therefore it is not preferred over the acyclic one.Question 5Syn-butaneNo imaginary frequencies Valley stable structure, highly favouredBoat cyclohexanene imaginary frequency Hilltop fairly unstable, exists but not preferredAll-syn cyclohexaneMore than one imaginary frequencies Mountain convey does not exist, very unstable

Research Assignment on Data File Structure

Research Assignment on Data File StructureRaghavendra TyagiTOPIC OF ASSIGNMENTThe letters in English language, make up words. While no word is little or more than anformer(a), one could view a word that appears before another in the dictionary is slight than that word, and a word that appears afterwards is more. By this definition, identical words argon the same.Parsing a cross-file is when you read a file to collect information from the file. In this assignment, you pass on parse a file, and put all of the words in a binary star pursuit steer. You will use the double star Search corner to collect data about the offspring of times a word was found in the file.The first word you encounter will be the get back. If the close word is greater, put it to the right. If it is less, put it to the unexpended. It is possible that the tree you make will be very sparse.Assume all words in the file are lower case or covert them to lower case.After you have loaded the file into your bi nary program Search Tree, the program should display the in-order, pre-order post-order traversal of the Binary Search Tree.The user should be given the chance to type a word. The computer should say the number of times the word was found in the file (zero or more).BINARY SEARCH TREEINTRODUCTIONIncomputer science, a binary search tree (BST), sometimes also called an ordered or sorted binary tree, is anode-basedbinary treedata structure which has the following propertiesThe left paladin treeof a node contains only nodes with observes less than the nodes key.The right sub tree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the nodes key.The left and right sub tree each must also be a binary search tree.There must be no duplicate nodesADVANTAGEThe major advantage of binary search trees over otherdata structuresis that the related sortingAlgorithm andsearch algorithmssuch asin-order traversalcan be very efficient.BINARY SEARCH TREE (PROPERTY)Letxbe a node in a binary search tree . Ifyis a node in the left sub tree ofx, and soy. key x. key.OPERATIONSOperations, such asfind, on a binary search tree require comparisons between nodes. These comparisons are made with calls to a comparator, which is asubroutinethat computes the total order (linear order) on all cardinal keys. This comparator can be explicitly or implicitly defined, depending on the language in which the binary search tree was implemented.SEARCHINGSearching a binary search tree for a specific key can be arecursiveor aniterativeprocess.We begin by examining theroot node. If the tree isnull, the key we are searching for does not exist in the tree. Otherwise, if the key equals that of the root, the search is successful and we shine the node. If the key is less than that of the root, we search the left sub tree. Similarly, if the key is greater than that of the root, we search the right sub tree. This process is repeated until the key is found or the remaining sub tree is null. If the searched key is not found before a null sub tree is reached, then the item must not be present in the tree. unveilingInsertion begins as a search would begin if the key is not equal to that of the root, we search the left or right sub trees as before. Eventually, we will reach an external node and add the new key-value pair (here encoded as a record new Node) as its right or left child, depending on the nodes key. In other words, we examine the root and recursively insert the new node to the left sub tree if its key is less than that of the root, or the right sub tree if its key is greater than or equal to the root.DELETIONThere are three possible cases to considerDeleting a leaf (node with no children)Deleting a leaf is easy, as we can simply remove it from the tree.Deleting a node with one childRemove the node and replace it with its child.Deleting a node with two childrenCall the node to be deletedN. Do not deleteN. Instead, choose either itsin-ordersuccessor node or its in-order predecessor node,R. Replace the value ofNwith the value ofR, then deleteR.BST FIGUREPreorder traversal sequence F, B, A, D, C, E, G, I, H(Root, left, right)In order traversal sequence A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I(left, root, right)Post order traversal sequence A, C, E, D, B, H, I, G,(left, right, root)ASSIGNMENT formulainclude include struct treeNode charr data10 struct treeNode *left, *right struct treeNode *root = NULLstruct treeNode* createNode(char data) struct treeNode *newNodenewNode = (struct treeNode*)malloc(sizeof(struct treeNode)) newNode-data = data newNode-left = NULL newNode-right = NULL accrue(newNode) void insertion(struct treeNode **node, char data) if (*node == NULL) *node = createNode(data) else if (data data) insertion((*node)-left, data) else if (data (*node)-data) insertion((*node)-right, data) void deletion(struct treeNode **node, struct treeNode **parent, char data) struct treeNode *tmpNode, *tmpParent if (*node == NULL) return if ((*node)-data == data) if ((*node)-l eft (*node)-right) if (parent) if ((*parent)-left == *node) (*parent)-left = NULL else (*parent)-right = NULL free(*node) elsefree(*node)else if ((*node)-right (*node)-left) tmpNode = *node (*parent)-right = (*node)-left free(tmpNode) *node = (*parent)-right else if ((*node)-right (*node)-left) tmpNode = *node (*parent)-left = (*node)-right free(tmpNode)(*node) = (*parent)-left else if ((*node)-right-left)tmpNode = *node(*node)-right-left = (*node)-left(*parent)-left = (*node)-rightfree(tmpNode)*node = (*parent)-leftelsetmpNode = (*node)-rightwhile (tmpNode-left)tmpParent = tmpNodetmpNode = tmpNode-lefttmpParent-left = tmpNode-righttmpNode-left = (*node)-lefttmpNode-right =(*node)-rightfree(*node)*node = tmpNodeelse if (data data)deletion((*node)-left, node, data)else if (data (*node)-data)deletion((*node)-right, node, data)void find gene(struct treeNode *node, chardata)if (node)returnelse if (data data)find member(node-left, data)else if (data node-data)findElement(node-right, data)elseprintf(data found %sn, node-data)returnvoid traverse(struct treeNode *node)if (node = NULL)traverse(node-left)printf(%3d, node-data)traverse(node-right)returnint main()char dataint chwhile (1)printf(1. Insertion in Binary Search Treen)printf(2. Deletion in Binary Search Treen)printf(3. Search Element in Binary Search Treen)printf(4. Inorder traversaln5. Exitn)printf( record your filling)scanf(%d, ch)switch (ch)case 1 while (1)printf( acquiesce your data)scanf(%s, data)insertion(root, data)printf(Continue Insertion(0/1))scanf(%d, ch)if (ch) hoo-hahbreakcase 2 printf( introduce your data)scanf(%s, data)deletion(root, NULL, data)breakcase 3printf( don value for data)scanf(%s, data)findElement(root, data)breakcase 4printf(Inorder Traversaln)traverse(root)printf(n)breakcase 5exit(0)default printf(uve entered wrong optionn)breakreturn 0emailprotected $vi t.cemailprotected $gcc t.cemailprotected $./a.outOUTPUT1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3 . Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal5. ExitEnter your choice1 Enter your data aim Continue Insertion(0/1)1 Enter your data age Continue Insertion(0/1)1 Enter your data sustain Continue Insertion(0/1)1 Enter your data agree Continue Insertion(0/1)1Enter your data blueContinue Insertion(0/1)0Resultant Binary Search Tree after insertion operation aim / age blue / admit agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. ExitEnter your choice4 Inorder Traversal admit, age, agree, aim , blue 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. ExitEnter your choice2 Enter your dataadmit Delete node admitaim / age blue / agree 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversal 5. Exit Enter your choice3Enter value for dataa gedata found ageNo of occurrence1 1. Insertion in Binary Search Tree 2. Deletion in Binary Search Tree 3. Search Element in Binary Search Tree 4. Inorder traversa 5. Exit Enter your choice5emailprotected $COMPLEXITY OF BINARY SEARCH TREEIt could be O(n2) even if the tree is balanced.Suppose youre adding a sorted list of total, all larger than the largest number in the tree. In that case, all numbers will be added to the right child of the rightmost leaf in the tree, Hence O(n2).For example, suppose that you add the numbers 15..115 to the following treeThe numbers will be added as a long chain, each node having a single right hand child. For the i-th portion of the list, youll have to traverse i nodes, which yields O(n2).In general, if youd like to keep the insertion and retrieval at O(nlogn), you need to useSelf Balancing trees

How Far Can Business Methods Developed In One Country Be Applied In Another :: essays research papers fc

The question states the transferability of business methods from one country to another, via Nipponese techniques. However, in order to answer, we must define the terminus culture, as the term culture encompasses business methods, i.e. in order to adopt foreign business methods we must adopt its culture. In Needles (1994) definition of culture he states, "A concomitant interest in business is the extent to which we can learn from the business experiences of other cultures and transplant ideas d eveloped by businesses in one culture and occasion then in a totally different setting." A major implication of the work of Hofstede (1980) and Trompenaars (1994) and other contributors to the knowledge about international culture and counsel is that "cultural interpretation and adaptation" are a necessary prerequisite to the comparative understanding of national and international focus practice.Hofstede suggests that while hard - nosed (short termist, task/ solution orie ntated) American or Anglo-Saxon approachs to business management may work well in Chicago, they may be counterproductive in Japan.More specifically, the cognitive process of international cultural adaptation may be applied to the three following areas 1. Motivation theories, 2. Leadership concepts, 3. Management by Objectives (MBO)The three areas are depict by Hofstede as symptomatic of the issue at hand. Hofstede states that "not only organisations are culture bound theories about organisations are equally culture bound." Morden (1993) comments " on that point is no guarantee, therefore, that theories and concepts developed within the cultural context of one country can with good effect be applied in another. This implies that it is not potential for such theories to be universally valid." In the UK, interest has been awakened by the considerable investment in the economy by major Japanese firms, who have entered received key industries, such as motor manufacturi ng and electronics. Whilst taking advantage of investment incentives offered by the British Government, and the range of skills offered by British workers, these Japanese companies (e.g. Toyota, Honda, Panasonic, etc.) have besides introduced several of their own personnel and production practices. These have been adapted to achieve the acceptance of the managers and workers concerned, especially in relation to production methods, quality control and management worker attitudes. A comparison between east and west industrial environments can simply illustrate culture differences., In particular, Britain versus Japan. Nevertheless, a number of Japanese management practices have been adopted very successfully in a British context (e.g. Nissan).One of the important general difference between Japanese and British companies lies in the way they are funded.

Getting Into College :: essays research papers

Getting Into CollegeLife is like an enormous theatrical performance, all(prenominal) person having theleading role, ready to determine his/her destiny. For each event in your sustenance,you can reflect upon a stimulus, a cause. Yet there are so m any(prenominal) events, so manyyears, days, hours, seconds in integritys life. Which is the one, that one moment intime which knowingly or unknowingly changed your life to lead you to be justthat, you? For many, it is impossible to pinpoint that moment. Yet for others,that time, place, and situation sits implant in their mind like a snapshot intime.Picture, if you will, a plump young boy of age ten. Never before had he,been exposed to life outside his fifth grade classroom and his immediate family.Timid and shy, he decided he had listened to his mothers continuous nagging forthe last time. That weekend, he would do as she said and "just go" to see anaudition for the communitys production of the musical Oliver. He arrived ontime, the hustle and bustle of signing in all precise new to him. There was no wayhe would actually get up on stage and sing for that unaired man with the clear acrylic braces showing on his teeth who was seated at the piano. Yet, he hadstruck a deal with his mom to wait and observe, leaving at any time he felt hewanted to.Twenty minutes later, he watched his mother from a different perspectivejust a battery-acid in a sea of other mothers sitting in the audience. As he stood inthat group of ten youngsters, his meager vocabulary could not mention the fearin his body. didnt know what a mark on his life the next few momentswould make when he sang his heart out to the skinny man. How would he haveknown that that "man" would be known to him as , his music director forthe next six years. Together, they would fine tune the natural natural endowment buried inhis vocal chords and dramatically build confidence. That fear once knownto him on that stage would come no more. Nervous he wa s, simply afraid he was notwhen he auditioned for The King and I a few months later. After landing a mainrole, he set his sights on the Seven Angels Theater in Waterbury and theirproduction of Bright Lights, again another success. To everyone who knew him,it only seemed natural for him to continue. So why didnt he? Why, for threestraight tenacious years did he bury his talent for singing and acting?

Jaques Louis David Essay -- Art History Neo-Classical

1. IntroductionSet on a stage of revolution and Enlightenment, the Neo-Classical period presents a broad and interesting topic. Jacques Louis David was the set-back political painter, and a true revolutionary, but one cannot disengage his art work from the social and political systems of the period. Therefore, this essay will present an overview of the social mise en scene and systems of Pre Revolution France, Neoclassicism and how Davids work was influenced by it and how his work influenced it. Also important to note are the art work that influenced Neoclassicism.2. Social and Artistic Climate in the 18th Century2.1. NeoclassicismNeoclassicism refers to the style of painting, sculpture, decorative arts and architecture used from about 1773. Neoclassicism was, at first a reaction to the triviality of the Rococo style, which was seen as selfish, decadent and with no regard for society. Throughout the seventeenth hundred, and during the Rococo period, the French Academy promoted a mo re classical style. It was because of this that French artists of the late eighteenth century accepted the New Classicism that was to be the next popular style.The Neo-classical period was influenced by two major features The first was the heavy influence of Nicolas Poussin (1593/4 1665). profound Barberini commissioned Poussin to make drawings of all the classical art and architecture he could find, which had a great impact on his subsequent work. His work was ordered and idealised, he did not, record nature as he found it, but instead organised natural elements and figures into idealised compositions (Stockstad and Cateforis 784). An example of his classically arranged grace is Landscape with Saint John on Patmos (1640, vegetable oil ... .... Simplicity and soberness of the composition allowed David to create a sense of martyrdom and spirituality in the face of the at rest(predicate) man. While there is a definite Neo-Classical (Poussinesque) influence on this painting, it b ares a striking resemblance to the Baroque painting by Zurbaran entitled Saint Serapion (1628, Oil on canvas). David was in full control of the art of France by this stage.5. ConclusionFrom conformist to revolutionary, David dominated the face of art during the Neo-classical period and for many years after. His all-embracing teaching network perpetuated his ideals and values into many students who continued in his line. David personally trained many of the important artists that emerged in the early 1800s. His authority is evident in The portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley (1797, Oil on canvas), by Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, one of his pupils.